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Emile, or On Education
''Emile, or On Education'' or ''Émile, or Treatise on Education'' ((フランス語:Émile, ou De l’éducation)) is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the "best and most important of all my writings".〔Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. ''The Confessions''. Trans. J.M. Cohen. New York: Penguin (1953), 529-30.〕 Due to a section of the book entitled "Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar", ''Emile'' was banned in Paris and Geneva and was publicly burned in 1762, the year of its first publication.〔E. Montin, "Introduction to J. Rousseau's Émile: or, Treatise on education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau", William Harold Payne, transl. (D. Appleton & Co., 1908) (p. 316 ).〕 During the French Revolution, ''Emile'' served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education.〔Jean Bloch traces the reception of ''Emile'' in France, particularly amongst the revolutionaries, in his book ''Rousseauism and Education in Eighteenth-century France'' Oxford: Voltaire Foundation (1995).〕
==Politics and philosophy==
The work tackles fundamental political and philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society — how, in particular, the individual might retain what Rousseau saw as innate human goodness while remaining part of a corrupting collectivity. Its opening sentence: "Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man".
Rousseau seeks to describe a system of education that would enable the ''natural man'' he identifies in ''The Social Contract'' (1762) to survive corrupt society. He employs the novelistic device of Emile and his tutor to illustrate how such an ideal citizen might be educated. ''Emile'' is scarcely a detailed parenting guide but it does contain some specific advice on raising children.〔Rousseau, responding in frustration to what he perceived as a gross misunderstanding of his text, wrote in ''Lettres de la montagne'': "Il s'sagit d'un nouveau système d'èducation dont j'offre le plan à l'examen des sages, et non pas d'une méthode pour les pères et les mères, à laquelle je n'ai jamais songé". (is about a new system of education, whose outline I offer up for learned scrutiny, and not a method for fathers and mothers, which I've never contemplated. ) Qtd. in Peter Jimack, ''Rousseau: Émile''. London: Grant and Cutler, Ltd. (1983), 47.〕 It is regarded by some as the first philosophy of education in Western culture to have a serious claim to completeness, as well as being one of the first ''Bildungsroman'' novels, having preceded Goethe's ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'' by more than thirty years.〔Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. ''Emile.'' Trans. Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books (1979), 6.〕
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